Supporting combination of flow based etl and entity relationship based etl

ABSTRACT

A data integration system is disclosed that incorporates one or more techniques for eases the design and maintenance of a mapping. As components are added to an existing design, the data integration system removes the need to specify all input and output attributes. In one aspect, components types are implement that allow entity relationships to be added and/or edited in a flow view of a logical design. Therefore, attributes of components representing datasets can be added and propagated to downstream components with minimal effort on the part of a map designer.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of and priority to:

-   U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/824,544, filed May 17, 2013 and    entitled “USE OF PROJECTOR AND SELECTOR COMPONENT TYPES FOR ETL MAP    DESIGN,” and-   US. Provisional Application No. 61/843,203, filed Jul. 5, 2013 and    entitled “SUPPORTING COMBINATION OF FLOW BASED ETL AND ENTITY    RELATIONSHIP BASED ETL,” the entire disclosures of which are    incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In today's increasingly fast-paced business environment, organizationsneed to use more specialized software applications. Additionally,organizations need to ensure the coexistence of these applications onheterogeneous hardware platforms and systems and guarantee the abilityto share data between applications and systems.

Accordingly, what is desired is to solve problems relating to developingdata integration scenarios, some of which may be discussed herein.Additionally, what is desired is to reduce drawbacks relating todeveloping data integration scenarios, some of which may be discussedherein.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The following portion of this disclosure presents a simplified summaryof one or more innovations, embodiments, and/or examples found withinthis disclosure for at least the purpose of providing a basicunderstanding of the subject matter. This summary does not attempt toprovide an extensive overview of any particular embodiment or example.Additionally, this summary is not intended to identify key/criticalelements of an embodiment or example or to delineate the scope of thesubject matter of this disclosure. Accordingly, one purpose of thissummary may be to present some innovations, embodiments, and/or examplesfound within this disclosure in a simplified form as a prelude to a moredetailed description presented later.

In various embodiments, a data integration system enables users tocreate a logical design which is platform and technology independent.The user can create a logical design that defines, at a high level, howa user wants data to flow between sources and targets. The tool cananalyze the logical design, in view of the user's infrastructure, andcreate a physical design. The logical design can include a plurality ofcomponents corresponding to each source and target in the design, aswell as operations such as joins or filters, and access points. Eachcomponent when transferred to the physical design generates code toperform operations on the data. Depending on the underlying technology(e.g., SQL Server, Oracle, Hadoop, etc.) and the language used (SQL,pig, etc.) the code generated by each component may be different.

In one aspect, a user of data integration system is not required tospecify all data attributes at each component in the logical design,from start to end. The data integration system provides a plurality ofcomponent types, such as projector and selector types, that avoid theneed to fully declare the information that flows through the logicaldesign. The data integration system is able to decide what attributesare needed at operations represented by predetermined component types.This simplifies both the design and maintenance.

In one embodiment, a method facilitating generation of a data mappingincludes receiving information specifying a set of entity relationshipsas a component of the logical design. An equivalent data flow model isdetermined based on the set of entity relationships. Information is thengenerated indicative of the equivalent data flow model in the logicalflow design. One or more attributes of a dataset representing the set ofentity relationships may be derived based on information declaringrelationships between attributes of data sources.

In further embodiments, information may be received specifying one ormore components of the logical design that includes informationindicative of an operation that changes shape of the information flowingthrough the logical design. Information may be received specifying oneor more components of the logical design that includes informationindicative of an operation that controls the flow of information flowingthrough the logical design but does not change shape of the informationflowing through the logical design. Information may be receivedspecifying one or more components of the logical design that includesinformation indicative of a target component having one or moreattributes of data to be stored in a target datastore.

In one aspect, generating the information indicative of the equivalentdata flow model in the logical flow design may include exporting a listof attributes to a downstream component. In another, a change in thelogical design may be received through the introduction of one or morerelationships. An updated equivalent data flow model may then bedetermined.

In one embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storingcomputer-executable code for facilitating generation of a data mappingincludes code for receiving information specifying a set of entityrelationships as a component of the logical design, code for determiningan equivalent data flow model based on the set of entity relationships,and code for generating information indicative of the equivalent dataflow model in the logical flow design.

In a further embodiment, a system facilitating generation of a datamapping includes a processor and a memory storing instructions whichwhen executed by the processor configure the processor to receiveinformation specifying a set of entity relationships as a component ofthe logical design, determine an equivalent data flow model based on theset of entity relationships, and generate information indicative of theequivalent data flow model in the logical flow design.

A further understanding of the nature of and equivalents to the subjectmatter of this disclosure (as well as any inherent or express advantagesand improvements provided) should be realized in addition to the abovesection by reference to the remaining portions of this disclosure, anyaccompanying drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to reasonably describe and illustrate those innovations,embodiments, and/or examples found within this disclosure, reference maybe made to one or more accompanying drawings. The additional details orexamples used to describe the one or more accompanying drawings shouldnot be considered as limitations to the scope of any of the claimedinventions, any of the presently described embodiments and/or examples,or the presently understood best mode of any innovations presentedwithin this disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a simplified illustration of a system that may incorporate anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a data integration system according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a hardware/software stack thatmay be used to implement a data integration system according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an environment having various heterogeneousdata sources for which data integration scenarios may be created invarious embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 5A and 5B depict simplified data flows in conventional dataintegration processing that may be performed by the data integrationsystem.

FIGS. 6A and 6B depict simplified data flows in next generation dataintegration processing that may be performed by the data integrationsystem, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a simplified block diagram of interactions between an ODIStudio and a repository of the data integration system in one embodimentaccording to the present invention.

FIG. 8 depicts a flowchart of a method for creating a data integrationscenario in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 are a screenshot of a user interface for creating dataintegration scenarios in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 10 depicts a flowchart of a method for creating a mapping inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a screenshot of a user interface for providing mappinginformation in data integration scenarios in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a screenshot of a user interface for providing flowinformation in data integration scenarios in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 depicts a flowchart of a method for creating a package inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a screenshot of a user interface for providing packagesequence information in a data integration scenario in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 depicts a flowchart of a method for deploying a data integrationscenario in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 is a simplified block diagram of a combined flow-based andentity-based mapping in one embodiment according to the presentinvention.

FIG. 17 depicts a flowchart of a method for generating a combinedflow-based and entity-based mapping in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 18 is a simplified block diagram of the mapping of FIG. 16 with adataset view in one embodiment according to the present invention.

FIGS. 19A and 19B are simplified block diagrams of logical and physicaldesigns for a combined flow-based and entity-based mapping in oneembodiment according to the present invention.

FIG. 20 depicts a flowchart of a method for generating a physical designof a combined flow-based and entity-based mapping in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 21 is an illustration depicting relationships between static E-Rand dynamic ETL models.

FIG. 22 is an illustration providing a top-level design chart of anautomatic conversion system in one embodiment.

FIGS. 23A and 23B illustrate three way relationships in two popular E-Rnotations.

FIGS. 24A and 24B illustrate an equivalent to the three wayrelationships in two popular E-R notations.

FIG. 25 illustrates an equivalent to the three way relationship using aseries of binary relationships.

FIG. 26 illustrates a three way relationships using the standard E-Rnotation.

FIG. 27 depicts the rows in each table created for the entities in FIG.26.

FIGS. 28A and 28B illustrate a three way relationship in E-R notationand a data flow with data originating from the three entities in oneembodiment.

FIG. 29 depicts a diagram that lays out relationships among variousdatabase modeling methods and their semantic contents.

FIG. 30 is a simplified block diagram of a computer system that may beused to practice embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Introduction

In various embodiments, a data integration system enables users tocreate a logical design which is platform and technology independent.The user can create a logical design that defines, at a high level, howa user wants data to flow between sources and targets. The tool cananalyze the logical design, in view of the user's infrastructure, andcreate a physical design. The logical design can include a plurality ofcomponents corresponding to each source and target in the design, aswell as operations such as joins or filters, and access points. Eachcomponent when transferred to the physical design generates code toperform operations on the data. Depending on the underlying technology(e.g., SQL Server, Oracle, Hadoop, etc.) and the language used (SQL,pig, etc.) the code generated by each component may be different.

In one aspect, a user of data integration system is not required tospecify all data attributes at each component in the logical design,from start to end. The data integration system provides a plurality ofcomponent types, such as projector and selector types, that avoid theneed to fully declare the information that flows through the logicaldesign. The data integration system is able to decide what attributesare needed at operations represented by predetermined component types.This simplifies both the design and maintenance.

FIG. 1 is a simplified illustration of system 100 that may incorporatean embodiment or be incorporated into an embodiment of any of theinnovations, embodiments, and/or examples found within this disclosure.FIG. 100 is merely illustrative of an embodiment incorporating thepresent invention and does not limit the scope of the invention asrecited in the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognizeother variations, modifications, and alternatives.

In one embodiment, system 100 includes one or more user computers 110(e.g., computers 110A, 110B, and 110C). User computers 110 can begeneral purpose personal computers (including, merely by way of example,personal computers and/or laptop computers running any appropriateflavor of Microsoft Corp.'s Windows™ and/or Apple Corp.'s Macintosh™operating systems) and/or workstation computers running any of a varietyof commercially-available UNIX™ or UNIX-like operating systems. Theseuser computers 110 can also have any of a variety of applications,including one or more applications configured to perform methods of theinvention, as well as one or more office applications, database clientand/or server applications, and web browser applications.

Alternatively, user computers 110 can be any other electronic device,such as a thin-client computer, Internet-enabled mobile telephone,and/or personal digital assistant, capable of communicating via anetwork (e.g., communications network 120 described below) and/ordisplaying and navigating web pages or other types of electronicdocuments. Although the exemplary system 100 is shown with three usercomputers, any number of user computers or devices can be supported.

Certain embodiments of the invention operate in a networked environment,which can include communications network 120. Communications network 120can be any type of network familiar to those skilled in the art that cansupport data communications using any of a variety ofcommercially-available protocols, including without limitation TCP/IP,SNA, IPX, AppleTalk, and the like. Merely by way of example,communications network 120 can be a local area network (“LAN”),including without limitation an Ethernet network, a Token-Ring networkand/or the like; a wide-area network; a virtual network, includingwithout limitation a virtual private network (“VPN”); the Internet; anintranet; an extranet; a public switched telephone network (“PSTN”); aninfra-red network; a wireless network, including without limitation anetwork operating under any of the IEEE 802.11 suite of protocols, theBluetooth™ protocol known in the art, and/or any other wirelessprotocol; and/or any combination of these and/or other networks.

Embodiments of the invention can include one or more server computers130 (e.g., computers 130A and 130B). Each of server computers 130 may beconfigured with an operating system including without limitation any ofthose discussed above, as well as any commercially-available serveroperating systems. Each of server computers 130 may also be running oneor more applications, which can be configured to provide services to oneor more clients (e.g., user computers 110) and/or other servers (e.g.,server computers 130).

Merely by way of example, one of server computers 130 may be a webserver, which can be used, merely by way of example, to process requestsfor web pages or other electronic documents from user computers 110. Theweb server can also run a variety of server applications, including HTTPservers, FTP servers, CGI servers, database servers, Java servers, andthe like. In some embodiments of the invention, the web server may beconfigured to serve web pages that can be operated within a web browseron one or more of the user computers 110 to perform methods of theinvention.

Server computers 130, in some embodiments, might include one or morefile and or/application servers, which can include one or moreapplications accessible by a client running on one or more of usercomputers 110 and/or other server computers 130. Merely by way ofexample, one or more of server computers 130 can be one or more generalpurpose computers capable of executing programs or scripts in responseto user computers 110 and/or other server computers 130, includingwithout limitation web applications (which might, in some cases, beconfigured to perform methods of the invention).

Merely by way of example, a web application can be implemented as one ormore scripts or programs written in any programming language, such asJava, C, or C++, and/or any scripting language, such as Perl, Python, orTCL, as well as combinations of any programming/scripting languages. Theapplication server(s) can also include database servers, includingwithout limitation those commercially available from Oracle, Microsoft,IBM and the like, which can process requests from database clientsrunning on one of user computers 110 and/or another of server computers130.

In some embodiments, an application server can create web pagesdynamically for displaying the information in accordance withembodiments of the invention. Data provided by an application server maybe formatted as web pages (comprising HTML, XML, Javascript, AJAX, etc.,for example) and/or may be forwarded to one of user computers 110 via aweb server (as described above, for example). Similarly, a web servermight receive web page requests and/or input data from one of usercomputers 110 and/or forward the web page requests and/or input data toan application server.

In accordance with further embodiments, one or more of server computers130 can function as a file server and/or can include one or more of thefiles necessary to implement methods of the invention incorporated by anapplication running on one of user computers 110 and/or another ofserver computers 130. Alternatively, as those skilled in the art willappreciate, a file server can include all necessary files, allowing suchan application to be invoked remotely by one or more of user computers110 and/or server computers 130. It should be noted that the functionsdescribed with respect to various servers herein (e.g., applicationserver, database server, web server, file server, etc.) can be performedby a single server and/or a plurality of specialized servers, dependingon implementation-specific needs and parameters.

In certain embodiments, system 100 can include one or more databases 140(e.g., databases 140A and 140B). The location of the database(s) 140 isdiscretionary: merely by way of example, database 140A might reside on astorage medium local to (and/or resident in) server computer 130A(and/or one or more of user computers 110). Alternatively, database 140Bcan be remote from any or all of user computers 110 and server computers130, so long as it can be in communication (e.g., via communicationsnetwork 120) with one or more of these. In a particular set ofembodiments, databases 140 can reside in a storage-area network (“SAN”)familiar to those skilled in the art. (Likewise, any necessary files forperforming the functions attributed to user computers 110 and servercomputers 130 can be stored locally on the respective computer and/orremotely, as appropriate). In one set of embodiments, one or more ofdatabases 140 can be a relational database that is adapted to store,update, and retrieve data in response to SQL-formatted commands.Databases 140 might be controlled and/or maintained by a databaseserver, as described above, for example.

Data Integration Overview

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of data integration system 200according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is asimplified illustration of data integration system 200 that mayincorporate various embodiments or implementations of the one or moreinventions presented within this disclosure. FIG. 2 is merelyillustrative of an embodiment or implementation of an inventiondisclosed herein should not limit the scope of any invention as recitedin the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art may recognize throughthis disclosure and the teachings presented herein other variations,modifications, and/or alternatives to those embodiments orimplementations illustrated in the figures.

In this embodiment, data integration system 200 includes informationsources 202, information integration 204, and information destinations206. In general, information flows from information sources 202 toinformation integration 204 whereby the information may be consumed,made available, or otherwise used by information destinations 206. Dataflows may be unidirectional or bidirectional. In some embodiments, oneor more data flows may be present in data integration system 200.

Information sources 202 are representative of one or more hardwareand/or software elements configured to source data. Information sources202 may provide direct or indirect access to the data. In thisembodiment, information sources 202 include one or more applications 208and one or more repositories 210.

Applications 208 are representative of traditional applications, such asdesktop, hosted, web-based, or cloud-based applications. Applications208 may be configured to receive, process, and maintain data for one ormore predetermined purposes. Some examples of applications 208 includecustomer relationship management (CRM) applications, financial servicesapplications, government and risk compliance applications, human capitalmanagement (HCM), procurement applications, supply chain managementapplications, project or portfolio management applications, or the like.Applications 208 may include functionality configured for manipulatingand exporting application data in a variety of human-readable andmachine-readable formats, as is known in the art. Applications 208 mayfurther access and store data in repositories 210.

Repositories 210 are representative of hardware and/or software elementsconfigured to provide access to data. Repositories 210 may providelogical and/or physical partitioning of data. Repositories 210 mayfurther provide for reporting and data analysis. Some examples ofrepositories 210 include databases, data warehouses, cloud storage, orthe like. A repository may include a central repository created byintegrating data from one or more applications 208. Data stored inrepositories 210 may be uploaded from an operational system. The datamay pass through additional operations before being made available in asource.

Information integration 204 is representative of one or more hardwareand/or software elements configured to provide data integrationservices. Direct or indirect data integration services can be providedin information integration 204. In this embodiment, informationintegration 204 includes data migration 212, data warehousing 214,master data management 216, data synchronization 218, federation 220,and real-time messaging 222. It will be understood that informationintegration 204 can include one or more modules, services, or otheradditional elements than those shown in here that provide dataintegration functionality.

Data migration 212 is representative of one or more hardware and/orsoftware elements configured to provide data migration. In general, datamigration 212 provides one or more processes for transferring databetween storage types, formats, or systems. Data migration 212 usuallyprovides for manual or programmatic options to achieve a migration. In adata migration procedure, data on or provided by one system is mapped toanother system providing a design for data extraction and data loading.A data migration may involve one or more phases, such a design phasewhere one or more designs are created that relate data formats of afirst system to formats and requirements of a second system, a dataextraction phase where data is read from the first system, a datacleansing phase, and a data loading phase where data is written to thesecond system. In some embodiments, a data migration may include a dataverification phases to determine whether data is accurately processed inany of the above phases.

Data warehousing 214 is representative of one or more hardware and/orsoftware elements configured to provide databases used for reporting anddata analysis. A data warehouse is typically viewed as a centralrepository of data which is created by integrating data from one or moredisparate sources. Data warehousing 214 may include the current storageof data as well as storage of historical data. Data warehousing 214 mayinclude typical extract, transform, load (ETL)-based data warehousewhereby staging, data integration, and access layers house keyfunctions. In one example, a staging layer or staging database storesraw data extracted from each of one or more disparate source datasystems. An integration layer integrates disparate data sets bytransforming the data from the staging layer often storing thistransformed data in an operational data store (ODS) database. Theintegrated data is then moved to yet another database, often called thedata warehouse database. The data can be arranged into hierarchicalgroups (often called dimensions) and into facts and aggregate facts. Anaccess layer may be provided to help users or other systems retrievedata. Data warehouses can be subdivided into data marts whereby eachdata mart stores subsets of data from a warehouse. In some embodiments,data warehousing 214 may include business intelligence tools, tools toextract, transform and load data into the repository, and tools tomanage and retrieve metadata.

Master data management 216 is representative of one or more hardwareand/or software elements configured to manage a master copy of data.Master data management 216 may include a set of processes, governance,policies, standards and tools that consistently define and manage masterdata. Master data management 216 may include functionality for removingduplicates, standardizing data, and incorporating rules to eliminateincorrect data from entering a system in order to create anauthoritative source of master data. Master data management 216 mayprovide processes for collecting, aggregating, matching, consolidating,quality-assuring, persisting and distributing data throughout anorganization to ensure consistency and control in the ongoingmaintenance and application use of information.

Data synchronization 218 is representative of one or more hardwareand/or software elements configured to synchronize data. Datasynchronization 218 may provide for establishing consistency among datafrom a source to a target and vice versa. Data synchronization 218 mayfurther provide for the continuous harmonization of the data over time.

Federation 220 is representative of one or more hardware and/or softwareelements configured to consolidate a view of data from constituentsources. Federation 220 may transparently map multiple autonomousdatabase systems into a single federated database. The constituentdatabases maybe interconnected via a computer network and may begeographically decentralized. Federation 220 provides an alternative tomerging several disparate databases. A federated database, or virtualdatabase, for example, may provide a composite of all constituentdatabases. Federation 220 may not provide actual data integration in theconstituent disparate databases but only in the view.

Federation 220 may include functionality that provides a uniform userinterface, enabling users and clients to store and retrieve data inmultiple noncontiguous databases with a single query—even if theconstituent databases are heterogeneous. Federation 220 may includefunctionality to decompose a query into subqueries for submission torelevant constituent data sources and composite the result sets of thesubqueries. Federation 220 can include one or more wrappers to thesubqueries to translate them into appropriate query languages. In someembodiments, federation 220 is a collection of autonomous componentsthat make their data available to other members of the federationthrough the publication of an export schema and access operations.

Real-time messaging 222 is representative of one or more hardware and/orsoftware elements configured to provide messaging services subject to areal-time constraint (e.g., operational deadlines from event to systemresponse). Real-time messaging 222 may include functionality thatguarantees an action or response within strict time constraints. In oneexample, real-time messaging 222 may be tasked with taking some ordersand customer data from one database, combining it with some employeedata held in a file, and then loading the integrated data into aMicrosoft SQL Server 2000 database. Because orders need to be analyzedas they arrive, real-time messaging 222 may pass the orders through to atarget database in as close to real time as possible and extract onlythe new and changed data to keep the workload as small as possible.

Information destinations 206 are representative of one or more hardwareand/or software elements configured to store or consume data. In thisembodiment, information destinations 206 may provide direct or indirectaccess to the data. In this embodiment, information destinations 206include one or more applications 224 and one or more repositories 226.

Applications 224 are representative of traditional applications, such asdesktop, hosted, web-based, or cloud-based applications. Applications224 may be configured to receive, process, and maintain data for one ormore predetermined purposes. Some examples of applications 224 includecustomer relationship management (CRM) applications, financial servicesapplications, government and risk compliance applications, human capitalmanagement (HCM), procurement applications, supply chain managementapplications, project or portfolio management applications, or the like.Applications 224 may include functionality configured for manipulatingand importing application data in a variety of human-readable andmachine-readable formats, as is known in the art. Applications 224 mayfurther access and store data in repositories 226.

Repositories 226 are representative of hardware and/or software elementsconfigured to provide access to data. Repositories 226 may providelogical and/or physical partitioning of data. Repositories 226 mayfurther provide for reporting and data analysis. Some examples ofrepositories 226 include databases, data warehouses, cloud storage, orthe like. A repository may include a central repository created byintegrating data from one or more applications 226. Data stored inrepositories 226 may be uploaded or imported through informationintegration 204. The data may pass through additional operations beforebeing made available at a destination.

Data Integration System

FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a hardware/software stack thatmay be used to implement data integration system 200 according to anembodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is merely illustrative of anembodiment or implementation of an invention disclosed herein should notlimit the scope of any invention as recited in the claims. One ofordinary skill in the art may recognize through this disclosure and theteachings presented herein other variations, modifications, and/oralternatives to those embodiments or implementations illustrated in thefigures. One example of components found within data integration system200 according to this embodiment may include ORACLE DATA INTEGRATOR, amember of the ORACLE FUSION Middleware family of products provided byOracle of Redwood Shores, Calif. ORACLE DATA INTEGRATOR is a Java-basedapplication that uses one or more databases to perform set-based dataintegration tasks. In addition, ORACLE DATA INTEGRATOR can extract data,provide transformed data through Web services and messages, and createintegration processes that respond to and create events inservice-oriented architectures. ORACLE DATA INTEGRATOR is based on anELT [extract-Load and Transform] architecture rather than conventionalETL [extract-transform-load] architectures. A copy of a user manual forORACLE DATA INTEGRATOR is attached to this disclosure and incorporatedherein by reference for all purposes.

In various embodiments, data integration system 200 provides a newdeclarative design approach to defining data transformation andintegration processes, resulting in faster and simpler development andmaintenance. Data integration system 200 thus separates declarativerules from the implementation details. Data integration system 200further provides a unique E-LT architecture (Extract-Load Transform) forthe execution of data transformation and validation processes. Thisarchitecture in embodiments eliminates the need for a standalone ETLserver and proprietary engine. In some embodiments, data integrationsystem 200 instead leverages the inherent power of RDBMS engines.

In some embodiments, data integration system 200 integrates in one ormore middleware software packages, such as the ORACLE FUSION MIDDLEWAREplatform and becomes a component of the middleware stack. As depicted inFIG. 3 data integration system 200 may provide run-time components asJava EE applications.

In this example, one component of data integration system 200 isrepositories 302. Repositories 302 are representative of hardware and/orsoftware elements configured to store configuration information about anIT infrastructure, metadata of all applications, projects, scenarios,and execution logs. In some aspects, multiple instances of repositories302 can coexist in an IT infrastructure, for example Development, QA,User, Acceptance, and Production. Repositories 302 are configured toallow several separated environments that exchange metadata andscenarios (for example: Development, Test, Maintenance and Productionenvironments). Repositories 302 further are configured to act as aversion control system where objects are archived and assigned a versionnumber.

In this example, repositories 302 is composed of at least one masterrepository 304 and one or more work repositories 306. Objects developedor configured for use within data integration system 200 may be storedin one of these repository types. In general, master repository 304stores the following information: security information including users,profiles and rights, topology information including technologies, serverdefinitions, schemas, contexts, languages and so forth, and versionedand archived objects. The one or more work repositories 306 may containactual developed objects.

Several work repositories may coexist in data integration system 200(for example, to have separate environments or to match a particularversioning life cycle). The one or more work repositories 306 storeinformation for models, including schema definition, data storesstructures and metadata, fields and columns definitions, data qualityconstraints, cross references, data lineage, and so forth. The one ormore work repositories 306 may further store projects, includingbusiness rules, packages, procedures, folders, knowledge modules,variables and so forth, and scenario execution, including scenarios,scheduling information and logs. In some aspects, the one or more workrepositories 306 may contain only execution information (typically forproduction purposes), and be designated as an execution repository.

In various embodiments, repositories 302 store one or more ETL projects.An ETL project defines or otherwise specifies one or more data modelsthat model data attributes of data in a source or target. An ETL projectfurther provides for data quality control as well as defining mappingsto move and transform data. Data integrity control ensures the overallconsistency of the data. Application data is not always valid for theconstraints and declarative rules imposed by a particular source ortarget. For example, orders may be found with no customer, or orderlines with no product, and so forth. Data integration system 200provides a working environment to detect these constraint violations andto store them for recycling or reporting purposes.

In some embodiments of data integration system 200, there are twodifferent types of controls: Static Control and Flow Control. StaticControl implies the existence of rules that are used to verify theintegrity of application data. Some of these rules (referred to asconstraints) may already be implemented in data servers (using primarykeys, reference constraints, etc.) Data integration system 200 allowsfor the definition and checking of additional constraints, withoutdeclaring them directly in a source. Flow Control relates to targets oftransformation and integration processes that implement their owndeclarative rules. Flow Control verifies an application's incoming dataaccording to these constraints before loading the data into a target.Flow control procedures are general referred to as mappings.

An ETL project can be automated into a package that can be deployed forexecution in a runtime environment. Accordingly, the automation of dataintegration flows is achieved by sequencing the execution of thedifferent steps (mappings, procedures, and so forth) in a package and byproducing a production scenario containing ready-to-use code for each ofthese steps. A package is typically made up of a sequence of stepsorganized into an execution diagram. Packages are the main objects usedto generate scenarios for production. They represent the dataintegration workflow and can perform jobs, such as for example: start areverse-engineering process on a datastore or a model, send an email toan administrator, download a file and unzip it, define the order inwhich mappings must be executed, and define loops to iterate overexecution commands with changing parameters.

A scenario is designed to put a source component (mapping, package,procedure, variable) into production. A scenario results from thegeneration of code (SQL, shell, and so forth) for this component. Oncegenerated, the code of the source component is frozen and the scenariois stored inside repositories 302, such as one or more of workrepositories 306. A scenario can be exported and then imported intodifferent production environments.

In various embodiments, data integration system 200 is organized aroundrepositories 302 in a modular fashion accessed by Java graphical modulesand scheduling agents. Graphical modules can be used to design and buildone or more integration processes stored in repositories 302.Administrators, Developers and Operators may use a development studio toaccess repositories 302. Agents can be used to schedule and coordinate aset of integration tasks associated with an integration process storedin repositories 302. For example, at runtime, an agent deployed on adesktop, web services, or otherwise in communication with a sourcecoordinates the execution of one or more integration processes. Theagent may retrieve code stored in master repository 304, connect tovarious source and target systems, and orchestrate an overall dataintegration process or scenario.

In this embodiment, data integration system 200 includes desktop 308that may include one or more of the above discussed graphical modulesand/or agents. Desktop 308 is representative of one or more desktop orworkstation computing devices, such as personal computers, laptops,netbooks, tablets, and the like. Desktop 308 includes a Java virtualmachine (JVM) 310 and Oracle Data Integrator (ODI) Studio 312. Javavirtual machine (JVM) 310 is a virtual machine that can execute Javabytecode. JVM 310 is most often implemented to run on an existingoperating system, but can also be implemented to run directly onhardware. JVM 310 provides a run-time environment in which Java bytecodecan be executed, enabling features such as runtime web service (WS) 314and agent 316. JVM 310 may include a Java Class Library, a set ofstandard class libraries (in Java bytecode) that implement the Javaapplication programming interface (API), and other elements that form aJava Runtime Environment (JRE).

Agent 316 is configured to schedule and coordinate a set of integrationtasks associated with one or more integration processes stored inrepositories 302. For example, at runtime, an agent coordinates theexecution of integration processes. The agent may retrieve code storedin master repository 304, connect to various source and target systems,and orchestrate an overall data integration process or scenario.

Referring again to FIG. 3, ODI Studio 312 includes hardware and/orsoftware elements configured to design data integration projects. Inthis example, ODI Studio 312 includes four graphical modules ornavigators that are used to create and manage data integration projects,namely, designer module 318, operator module 320, topology module 322,and security module 324. Designer module 318 is a module configured todefine data stores (tables, files, Web services, and so on), datamappings, and packages (sets of integration steps, including mappings).In various embodiments, designer module 318 defines declarative rulesfor data transformation and data integrity. Accordingly, projectdevelopment takes place in designer module 318. Additionally, indesigner module 318, is where database and application metadata areimported and defined. Designer module 318, in one embodiment, usesmetadata and rules to generate data integration scenarios or load plansfor production. In general, designer module 318 is used to design dataintegrity checks and to build transformations such as for example:automatic reverse-engineering of existing applications or databases,graphical development and maintenance of transformation and integrationmappings, visualization of data flows in the mappings, automaticdocumentation generation, and customization of generated code.

Operator module 320 is a module configured to view and manage productionintegration jobs. Operator module 320, thus, manages and monitors dataintegration processes in production and may show execution logs witherror counts, the number of rows processed, execution statistics, theactual code that is executed, and so on. At design time, developers canalso use operator module 320 for debugging purposes in connection withdesigner module 318.

Topology module 322 is a module configured to create and manageconnections to datasources and agents. Topology module 322 defines thephysical and logical architecture of the infrastructure. Infrastructureor projects administrators may register servers, database schemas andcatalogs, and agents in a master repository through topology module 322.Security module 324 is a module configured to manage users and theirrepository privileges.

In general, a user or process interacts with designer module 318 tocreate a data integration project having one or more data integrationprocesses for sources and targets 326. Each data integration processincludes at least one data integration task. In some embodiments, a dataintegration tasks is defined by a set of business rules indicative ofwhat bit of data is to be transformed and combined with other bits aswell as technical specifics of how the data is actually extracted,loaded, and so on. In preferred embodiments, a data integration tasks isspecified using a declarative approach to build data mappings. A mappingis an object that populates one datastore, called the target, which datacoming from one or more other datastores, known as sources. In general,columns in the source datastore are linked to the columns in the targetdatastore through mapping. A mapping can be added into a package as apackage step. As discussed above, a package defines a data integrationjob. A package is created under a project and is made up of an organizedsequence of steps, each of which can be a mapping or a procedure. Apackage can have one entry point and multiple exit points.

In some embodiments, when creating a new mapping, a developer ortechnical business user interacts with designer 318 to first definewhich data is integrated and which business rules should be used. Forexample, the developer may specify what tables are to be joined, filtersto be applied, and SQL expressions to be used to transform data. Theparticular dialect of SQL that is used is determined by the databaseplatform on which the code is to be executed. Then, in a separate step,technical staff can interact with designer 318 to choose the mostefficient way to extract, combine, and then integrate this data. Forexample, the technical staff may use database-specific tools and designtechniques such as incremental loads, bulk-loading utilities, slowlychanging dimensions, and changed-data capture.

In this embodiment, mappings can be created for sources and targets 326.Sources and targets 326 may include one or more legacy applications 328,one or more files/XML documents 330, one or more applications 332, oneor more data warehouses (DW), business intelligence (BI) tools andapplications, and enterprise process management (EPM) tools andapplications 334, and one or more JVMs 336 (including runtime webservice 340 and agent 342).

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of environment 400 having variousheterogeneous data sources for which data integration scenarios may becreated in various embodiments of the present invention. In thisexample, environment 400 includes ODI Studio 312 and repositories 302.Repositories 302 contain all of the metadata required to generateintegration scenarios 400. A user or process interacts with ODI Studio312 to create integration scenarios 400 using data integrity controls402 and declarative rules 404.

Orders application 406 is representative of an application for trackingcustomer orders. An “Orders Application” data model is created torepresent data stored in Orders application 406 as well as any dataintegrity controls or conditions. For example, the “Orders Application”data model may be based on a Hyper Structured Query Language (HSQL)interface and include five datastores, SRC_CITY, SRC_CUSTOMER,SRC_ORDERS, SRC_ORDER_LINES, SRC_PRODUCT, and SRC_REGION.

Parameter file 408 is representative of a flat file (e.g., ASCII) issuedfrom a production system containing a list of sales representatives andthe segmentation of ages into age ranges. In this example, a “Parameter”data model is created to represent the data in the flat file. Forexample, the “Parameter” data model may be based on a file interface andinclude two datastores, SRC_SALES_PERSON and SRC_AGE_GROUP.

Sales administration application 410 is representative of an applicationfor tracking sales. The sales administration application 410 may be adata warehouse populated with transformations of data from ordersapplication 406 and parameter file 408. A “Sales Administration” datamodel is created to represent data stored in sales administrationapplication 410 as well as any data integrity controls or conditions ortransformations. For example, the “Sales Administration” data model maybe based on a Hyper Structured Query Language (HSQL) interface andinclude six datastores, TRG_CITY, TRG_COUNTRY, TRG_CUSTOMER,TRG_PRODUCT, TRG_PROD_FAMILY, TRG_REGION, and TRG_SALE.

FIGS. 5A and 5B depict simplified data flows in conventional dataintegration processing that may be performed by data integration system200. In this example, data from orders application 406, parameter file408, and one or more other optional or additional sources flow through atradition ETL process targeted to sales administration application 410.Data transforms occur in a separate ETL server 500. The scenariorequires dedicated or proprietary resources, results in poorerperformance, and incurs high costs.

FIGS. 6A and 6B depict simplified data flows in next generation dataintegration processing that may be performed by data integration system200, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In thisexample, data from orders application 406, parameter file 408, and oneor more other optional or additional sources flow through E-LT processtargeted to sales administration application 410. Data transformsleverage existing resources resulting in higher performance andefficiency. As described above, prior ETL systems required dedicatedand/or proprietary infrastructure to perform data transforms. This wasdone, in part, to accommodate unknown user infrastructures. For example,without knowing what types of databases are being used, prior ETLsystems were unable to anticipate what transform operations would beavailable in a given system. However, this results in under-utilizedresources, such as the user's existing databases and servers which arecapable of executing the appropriate data transforms without anydedicated and/or proprietary infrastructure.

In accordance with an embodiment, the present invention leverages theuser's existing infrastructure by enabling the user to customize a dataintegration process according to the user's particular needs. Forexample, when a data integration plan is designed, it can be dividedinto discrete portions which are executable by a single system, referredto as execution units. Once a data integration plan has been dividedinto a plurality of execution units, the user can be presented with aphysical plan based on the user's infrastructure and system resources.This plan can be further customized by the user to change which usersystems execute which execution units. For example, a user may bepresented with a plan in which a join operation is executed on a firstdatabase, and the user may customize the plan by moving the joinoperation to a second database.

As shown in FIG. 6B, this results in an extract-load-transform (E-LT)architecture that does not rely on a stand-alone transform server whichcharacterized prior ETL systems. Instead, as described above, datatransforms can be performed on the user's existing infrastructure. TheE-LT architecture provides users with greater flexibility while reducingcosts associated with acquiring and maintaining proprietary transformservers.

Referring again to FIG. 3, agents can be used to schedule and coordinatea set of integration tasks associated with an integration process. Forexample, at runtime, an agent coordinates the execution of integrationprocesses. The agent may retrieve code stored in master repository 304,connect to the various source and target systems and orchestrates anoverall data integration process or scenario. In various embodiments,there are two types of agents. In one example, a standalone agent isinstalled on desktop 308, such as agent 316. In another example, anapplication server agent can be deployed on application server 326 (suchas a Java EE Agent deployed on an Oracle WebLogic Server) and canbenefit from the application server layer features such as clusteringfor High Availability requirements. In yet another example, an agent canbe deployed on sources and targets 326, such as agent 342.

In this embodiment, data integration system 200 includes applicationserver 344 that may include one or more of the above discussed agents.Application server 344 is representative of one or more applicationservers, web-servers, or hosted applications. In this example,application server 344 includes FMW console 346, servlet container 348,web services container 350, and data sources connection pool 352.

FMW console 346 is representative of one or more hardware and/orsoftware elements configured to manage aspects of application server344, such as information related to servlet container 348, web servicescontainer 350, and data sources connection pool 334. For example, FMWconsole 346 may be a browser-based, graphical user interface used tomanage an Oracle WebLogic Server domain. FMW console 346 may includefunctionality to configure, start, and stop WebLogic Server instances,configure WebLogic Server clusters, configure WebLogic Server services,such as database connectivity (JDBC) and messaging (JMS), configuresecurity parameters, including creating and managing users, groups, androles, configure and deploy Java EE applications, monitor server andapplication performance, view server and domain log files, viewapplication deployment descriptors, and edit selected run-timeapplication deployment descriptor elements. In some embodiments, FMWconsole 346 includes ODI plug-in 354 providing FMW console 346 withaccess to data integration processes in production and may showexecution logs with error counts, the number of rows processed,execution statistics, the actual code that is executed, and so forth.

Servlet container 348 is representative of one or more hardware and/orsoftware elements configured to extend the capabilities of applicationserver 344. Servlets are most often used to process or store data thatwas submitted from an HTML form, provide dynamic content such as theresults of a database query, and manage state information that does notexist in the stateless HTTP protocol, such as filling the articles intothe shopping cart of the appropriate customer. A servlet is typically aJava class in Java EE that conforms to the Java Servlet API, a protocolby which a Java class may respond to requests. To deploy and run aservlet, servlet container 348 is used as a component of a web serverthat interacts with servlets. Accordingly, servlet container 348 mayextend functionality provided by public web service 356 and dataservices 358 of web services container 350 as well as access to datapools provided by data sources connection pool 352. Servlet container348 is also responsible for managing the lifecycle of servlets, mappinga URL to a particular servlet and ensuring that the URL requester hasthe correct access rights.

In this example, servlet container 348 includes Java EE application 360associated with ODI SDK 362, ODI console 364, and runtime web service366 associated with Java EE agent 368. ODI SDK 362 provides a softwaredevelopment kit (SDK) for data integration and ETL design. ODI SDK 362enables automation of work that is common and very repetitive allowing auser to script repetitive tasks.

ODI console 364 is a Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) application thatprovides Web access to repositories 302. ODI console 364 is configuredto allow users to browse Design-Time objects, including projects,models, and execution logs. ODI console 364 may allow users to view flowmaps, trace the source of all data, and even drill down to the fieldlevel to understand the transformations used to build the data. Inaddition, end users can launch and monitor scenario s execution throughODI console 364. In one aspect, ODI console 364 provides administratorswith the ability to view and edit Topology objects such as Data Servers,Physical and Logical Schemas as well as to manage repositories 302.

Data Scenario Design and Development

As discussed above, a scenario is designed to put a source component(mapping, package, procedure, variable) into production. A scenarioresults from the generation of code (SQL, shell, and so forth) for thiscomponent. A scenario can be exported and then imported into differentproduction environments.

FIG. 7 is a simplified block diagram of interactions between an ODIStudio and a repository of the data integration system in one embodimentaccording to the present invention. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7,ODI Studio 312 of FIG. 3 uses metadata and rules to generate dataintegration scenarios 700 for production. In general, designer module318 is used to design data integrity checks and to build transformationssuch as for example: automatic reverse-engineering of existingapplications or databases, graphical development and maintenance oftransformation and integration interfaces, visualization of data flowsin the interfaces, automatic documentation generation, and customizationof generated code.

FIG. 8 depicts a flowchart of method 800 for creating a data integrationscenario in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.Implementations of or processing in method 800 depicted in FIG. 8 may beperformed by software (e.g., instructions or code modules) when executedby a central processing unit (CPU or processor) of a logic machine, suchas a computer system or information processing device, by hardwarecomponents of an electronic device or application-specific integratedcircuits, or by combinations of software and hardware elements. Method800 depicted in FIG. 8 begins in step 810.

In various embodiments, a user may initiate a session with designermodule 318 of ODI Studio 312 and connect to repositories 302. The usermay interact with one or more user interface features to create a newdata integration project or select from existing data integrationprojects stored in, for example, master repository 304. In general,designer module 318 is used to manage metadata, to design data integritychecks, and to build transformations. In various embodiments, the mainobjects handled through designer module 318 are models and projects.Data models contain all of the metadata in a data source or target(e.g., tables, columns, constraints, descriptions, cross-references,etc.). Projects contain all of the loading and transformation rules fora source or target (e.g., mappings, procedures, variables, etc.)

In step 820, one or more data models are created. In step 830, one ormore projects are created. FIG. 9 is a screenshot of a user interfacefor creating a data integration scenario in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. In this example, navigation panel910 displays information and includes functionality for interacting withdata models. Navigation panel 920 displays information and includesfunctionality for interacting with projects. As discussed above, theuser may not only create the data model, but also develop any dataintegrity checks for the data in the data models. Additionally, the usermay specify interfaces, procedures, variables for projects that providedata integrity and transforms for the data in a flow that loads datafrom a source into a target. In step 840, one or more data integrationscenarios are generated. FIG. 8 ends in step 850.

FIG. 10 depicts a flowchart of method 1000 for creating a mapping inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Implementationsof or processing in method 1000 depicted in FIG. 10 may be performed bysoftware (e.g., instructions or code modules) when executed by a centralprocessing unit (CPU or processor) of a logic machine, such as acomputer system or information processing device, by hardware componentsof an electronic device or application-specific integrated circuits, orby combinations of software and hardware elements. Method 1000 depictedin FIG. 10 begins in step 1010.

In step 1020, target datastore information is received. For example, auser may interact with one or more user interface features of designermodule 318 to provide target datastore information. In one embodiment,the user may drag and drop target datastore information comprising oneor more data models from navigation panel 910 onto a mapping or flowpanel that visually represents aspects of a selected data model and anyassociated transforms or data integrity checks.

In step 1030, source datastore information is received. For example, auser may interact with one or more user interface features of designermodule 318 to provide source datastore information. In one embodiment,the user may drag and drop source datastore information comprising oneor more data models from navigation panel 910 onto the same mapping orflow panel of the target datastore information that visually representsaspects of a selected data model and any associated transforms or dataintegrity checks.

In various embodiments, the source datastore information and the targetdata store information may be composed of one or more data models andoptionally operations. Some examples of operations can include one ormore data set operations (e.g., unions, joins, intersections, etc.),data transformations, data filter operations, constraints, descriptions,cross-references, integrity checks, or the like. In further embodiments,some of these operations may be preconfigured and visually representedin designer module 318. In other embodiments, custom operations may beprovided allowing the user to specify logic, mappings, and the like thatimplement an operation.

In step 1040, mapping information is received. For example, a user mayinteract with one or more user interface features of designer module 318to map the source datastore information to the target datastoreinformation. In one embodiment, the user may visually connect attributesof data elements in the source datastore information with attributes ofdata elements in the target datastore information. This may be done bymatching column names of tables in the source datastore information andthe target datastore information. In further embodiments, one or moreautomatic mapping techniques may be used to provide mapping information.

FIG. 11 is a screenshot of a user interface for providing mappinginformation in a data integration scenario in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. In this example, attributes ofsource datastore information in panel 1110 are mapped to attributes oftarget datastore information in panel 1120.

Referring again to FIG. 10, in step 1050, data loading strategies arereceived. A data loading strategy includes information on how the actualdata from the source datastore information is to be loaded during anextract phase. Data loading strategies can be defined in a flow tab ofdesigner 318. In some embodiments, a data loading strategy can beautomatically computed for a flow depending on a configuration of themapping.

For example, one or more knowledge modules may be proposed for the flow.A knowledge module (KM) is a component that implements reusabletransformation and ELT (extract, load, and transform) strategies acrossdifferent technologies. In one aspect, knowledge modules (KMs) are codetemplates. Each KM can be dedicated to an individual task in an overalldata integration process. The code in KMs appears in nearly the formthat it will be executed with substitution methods enabling it to beused generically by many different integration jobs. The code that isgenerated and executed is derived from the declarative rules andmetadata defined in the designer module 318. One example of this isextracting data through change data capture from Oracle Database 10 gand loading the transformed data into a partitioned fact table in OracleDatabase 11 g, or creating timestamp-based extracts from a Microsoft SQLServer database and loading this data into a Teradata enterprise datawarehouse.

The power of KMs lies in their reusability and flexibility—for example,a loading strategy can be developed for one fact table and then theloading strategy can be applied to all other fact tables. In one aspect,all mappings that use a given KM inherit an changes made to the KM. Insome embodiments, five different types of KMs are provided, each of themcovering one phase in a transformation process from source to target,such as an integration knowledge module (IKM), a loading knowledgemodule (LKM), and a check knowledge module CKM.

Referring to FIG. 4, a user may define a way to retrieve the data fromSRC_AGE_GROUP, SRC_SALES_PERSON files and from the SRC_CUSTOMER table inenvironment 400. To define a loading strategies, a user may select asource set that corresponds to the loading of the SRC_AGE_GROUP file andselect a LKM File to SQL to implement the flow from a file to SQL. Inone aspect, a LKM is in charge of loading source data from a remoteserver to a staging area.

In step 1060, data integration strategies are received. After definingthe loading phase, the user defines a strategy to adopt for theintegration of the loaded data into a target. To define the integrationstrategies, the user may select a target object and select a IKM SQLIncremental Update. An IKM is in charge of writing the final,transformed data to a target. When an IKM is started, it assumes thatall loading phases for remote servers have already carried out theirtasks, such as having all remote source data sets loaded by LKMs into astaging area, or the source datastores are on the same data server asthe staging area.

In step 1070, data control strategies are received. In general, an CKMis in charge of checking that records of a data set are consistent withdefined constraints. An CKM may be used to maintain data integrity andparticipates in overall data quality initiative. A CKM can be used in 2ways. First, to check the consistency of existing data. This can be doneon any datastore or within interfaces. In this case, the data checked isthe data currently in the datastore. In a second case, data in thetarget datastore is checked after it is loaded. In this case, the CKMsimulates the constraints of the target datastore on the resulting flowprior to writing to the target.

FIG. 12 is a screenshot of a user interface for providing flowinformation in a data integration scenario in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

In step 1080, an interface is generated. FIG. 10 ends in step 1090.

Data Integration Scenario Packages and Deployment

As discussed above, automation of data integration flows can be achievedin data integration system 200 by sequencing the execution of thedifferent steps (mappings, procedures, and so forth) in a package and byproducing a production scenario containing the ready-to-use code foreach of these steps. A package is made up of a sequence of stepsorganized into an execution diagram. Packages are the main objects usedto generate scenarios for production. A scenario is designed to put asource component (mapping, package, procedure, variable) intoproduction. A scenario results from the generation of code (SQL, shell,and so forth) for this component. A scenario can be exported and thenimported into different production environments.

FIG. 13 depicts a flowchart of a method for creating a package inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Implementationsof or processing in method 1300 depicted in FIG. 13 may be performed bysoftware (e.g., instructions or code modules) when executed by a centralprocessing unit (CPU or processor) of a logic machine, such as acomputer system or information processing device, by hardware componentsof an electronic device or application-specific integrated circuits, orby combinations of software and hardware elements. Method 1300 depictedin FIG. 13 begins in step 1310.

In step 1320, step information is received. Package step informationincludes information identifying a step, elements, properties,components, and the like. In one example, a user may interact with oneor more user interface features of designer module 318 to create,identify, or otherwise specify one or more steps for a package. In oneembodiment, one or more components are selected and placed on a diagram.These components appear as steps in the package.

In step 1330, step sequence information is received. Package stepsequence information includes information identifying an ordering for astep, dependencies, and the like. Once steps are created, the steps areordered or reorder into a data processing chain. In one example, a usermay interact with one or more user interface features of designer module318 to provide sequencing or ordering for one or more steps of apackage. A data processing chain may include a unique step defined as afirst step. Generally, each step has one or more termination states,such as success or failure. A step in some states, such as failure orsuccess, can be followed by another step or by the end of the package.In one aspect, in case of some states, such as failure, sequenceinformation may define a number of retries. In another aspect, a packagemay have but several possible termination steps.

FIG. 14 is a screenshot of a user interface for providing packagesequence information in a data integration scenario in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention.

In step 1340, a package is generated. FIG. 13 ends in step 1350.

As discussed above, the automation of data integration flows can beachieved by sequencing the execution of different steps (mappings,procedures, and so forth) in a package. The package can then be producedfor a production scenario containing the ready-to-use code for each ofthe package's steps. In various embodiments, the package is deployed torun automatically in a production environment.

FIG. 15 depicts a flowchart of method 1500 for deploying a dataintegration scenario in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. Implementations of or processing in method 1500 depicted inFIG. 15 may be performed by software (e.g., instructions or codemodules) when executed by a central processing unit (CPU or processor)of a logic machine, such as a computer system or information processingdevice, by hardware components of an electronic device orapplication-specific integrated circuits, or by combinations of softwareand hardware elements. Method 1500 depicted in FIG. 15 begins in step1510.

In step 1520, an integration scenario is retrieved. In one embodiment, apackage is retrieved from repositories 302. In step 1530, theintegration scenario is deployed to one or more agents. In step 1540,the integration scenario is executed by the one or more agents. In oneaspect, the integration scenario can be executed in several ways, suchas from ODI Studio 312, from a command line, or from a web service.Scenario execution can be viewed and monitored, for example, viaoperator module 320 and the like as discussed above. FIG. 15 ends instep 1550.

Combined Flow-Based ETL and Entity Relationship-Based ETL

In most data integration systems, a mapping requires an explicitdefinition of all input and output attributes that form part of a map.In typical flow based ETL tools, connectors are made at the attributelevel. This results in a very concise mapping model. However, this alsogenerates a huge number of objects and makes constructing andmaintaining maps cumbersome due to the number of attribute levelconnectors.

In various embodiments, data integration system 200 incorporates one ormore techniques for eases the design and maintenance of a mapping.Components can be added to an existing design simple without the need tospecify all input and output attributes and allowing component levelconnectors to be rerouted. In one aspect, a combination of datasets andflow oriented design is provided to handle complexity along with change.Entity relationships can be specified within a logical view of thedesign, thus allowing datastores, joins, filters and lookups to be addedor removed without requiring change to a map in general.

A dataset as used herein generally represents a data flow coming from agroup of datastores. Several datasets can be merged into an interfacetarget datastore using operations, such as set-based operators likeUnion and Intersect. In various embodiments, datasets can be added,removed, and ordered in the logical view of a design. Accordingly, dataintegration system 200 enables users to combine flow-based ETL andentity relationship-based ETL in a single view. Therefore, dataintegration system 200 greatly eases the design and maintenance of amapping. Data integration system 200 further makes adding in componentsto an existing design simple, typically just needing component levelconnectors to be rerouted.

FIG. 16 is a simplified block diagram of combined flow-based andentity-based mapping 1600 in one embodiment according to the presentinvention. In this example, mapping 1600 includes component 1610representing a data source SRC_EMP, dataset 1620 representing a datasetDATASET, and component 1630 representing data target TGT_EMPDEPT. Inorder to update data target TGT_EMPDEPT, a join is needed for datasource SRC_EMP and DATASET. Component 1640 representing a JOIN is addedto mapping 1600 that connects to component 1610 and dataset 1620 asinputs and to component 1630 as output. Component 1640 is configured toprovide a join expression, such has (SRC_EMP.DEPTNO=DATASET.DEPTNO).

In tradition data integration systems, mapping 1600 requires an explicitdefinition of all input and output attributes that form part ofcomponent 1640 representing the JOIN. In contrast, in variousembodiments, a map developer can define entity relationships in dataset1620 to provide how columns of data target TGT_EMPDEPT are populateddirectly from attributes of data source SRC_EMP represented by component1610 and attributes of DATASET represented by dataset 1620 that flowthrough component 1640 and are thus visible to component 1630.

FIG. 17 depicts a flowchart of method 1700 for generating a combinedflow-based and entity-based mapping in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention. Implementations of or processing in method 1700depicted in FIG. 17 may be performed by software (e.g., instructions orcode modules) when executed by a central processing unit (CPU orprocessor) of a logic machine, such as a computer system or informationprocessing device, by hardware components of an electronic device orapplication-specific integrated circuits, or by combinations of softwareand hardware elements. Method 1700 depicted in FIG. 17 begins in step1710.

In step 1720, one or more components are received. As discussed above,some types of components influence the shape of the data that flowsthrough a map while other types of components control the flow of thedata but don't fundamentally change the shape of the flow. In step 1730,one or more datasets are received. For example, a map designer may add,edit, or remove datasets from a design. A map designer may interact witha relationship editor to specify entity relationships between variousattributes in a dataset. In one aspect, data integration system 200 isconfigured to extract defined entity relationships to determine theattributes that will be exposed to downstream components of a design. Instep 1740, a map is generated based on the components and the datasets.In various embodiments, logical views and physical views of a design canbe updated to reflect changes to the components and datasets. In variousaspects, data integration system 200 automatically generates a physicaldesign based on deriving relationships in a flow's dataset view. FIG. 17ends in step 1750.

Data integration system 200 further makes adding in components and otherdatasets to an existing design simple, typically just needing componentlevel connectors to be rerouted. For example, if a filter component wereadded into a design, changing component level connectors would notrequire changes attribute assignments of certain downstream components.In another example, adding another dataset allows a map designer tospecify or declare entity relationships directly from within the designview of the map.

FIG. 18 is a simplified block diagram of mapping 1600 with a datasetview in one embodiment according to the present invention. In thisexample, component 1620 includes one or more entities 1810, 1820, and1830. To add entity relationships into mapping 1600, a user only needsto add or defined relationships between entity attributes, such asrelationship 1840. In various embodiments, such as change would notrequire changes to any downstream assignments in mapping 1600 as theoutput attributes resulting from the one or more entity relationshipscan be derived directly from the information provided in the designview. In traditional flow tools, everything at the column level wouldneed to be relinked by the introduction of a new dataset.

19A and 19B are simplified block diagrams of logical and physicaldesigns for a combined flow-based and entity-based mapping in oneembodiment according to the present invention. In this example, view1910 of FIG. 19A includes components A, B, and C representing datasources and component T representing a data target in a flow view of alogical design. Components A, B, and C are represented as a dataset thatdescribes entity relationships in as dataset view of a logical design.Therefore, the dataset has a declared set of attributes as viewed fromdownstream components, such as component T that are described fromentity relationships defined by a map creator in the dataset view.Components J1 and J2 represent logical operations between attributes ofthe components in the dataset view.

In this example, view 1920 of FIG. 19B includes components A, B, and Crepresenting data sources and component T representing a data target ina flow view of a physical design. A set of attributes is derived fromthe entity relationships defined in the dataset view and used to createthe physical design.

FIG. 20 depicts a flowchart of method 2000 for generating a physicaldesign of a combined flow-based and entity-based mapping in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention. Implementations of orprocessing in method 2000 depicted in FIG. 20 may be performed bysoftware (e.g., instructions or code modules) when executed by a centralprocessing unit (CPU or processor) of a logic machine, such as acomputer system or information processing device, by hardware componentsof an electronic device or application-specific integrated circuits, orby combinations of software and hardware elements. Method 2000 depictedin FIG. 20 begins in step 2010.

In step 2020, a component definition is received. For example, acomponent definition may include rules, operations, procedures,variables, sequences, and the like. In step 2030, a dataset definitionis received. For example, a map designer may add or edit entityrelationships within a flow view of a logical design. In step 2040, aphysical design is generated based on deriving relationship informationfrom the flow design. FIG. 20 ends in step 2050.

Accordingly, data integration system 200 enables users to create alogical design which is platform and technology independent. The usercan create a logical design that defines, at a high level, how a userwants data to flow between sources and targets. The tool can analyze thelogical design, in view of the user's infrastructure, and create aphysical design. The logical design can include a plurality ofcomponents corresponding to each source and target in the design, aswell as operations such as joins or filters, and access points. Eachcomponent when transferred to the physical design generates code toperform operations on the data. Depending on the underlying technology(e.g., SQL Server, Oracle, Hadoop, etc.) and the language used (SQL,pig, etc.) the code generated by each component may be different.

Thus, a user of data integration system is not required to pre-defineddataset component in the logical design. Data integration system 200provides tools that allow map designers to declare entity relationshipsin a dataset view of a logical design. Data integration system 200 isable to decide what attributes are needed at operations represented bypredetermined component types. This simplifies both the design andmaintenance.

Entity Relational Modeling

Relational database design has been based on entity relational modeling,or E-R modeling. Traditionally, E-R design has been used for describingthe static configuration of a problem domain. The more dynamic aspects,such as extracting data out of the data stores and “massaging” them intoshape, are generally considered a different problem. Since themid-1990s, there have been steady efforts toward these so-called “ETLtools.” An ETL tool can help human designers create specifications aboutdynamic data flows, which are generally called ETL models.

FIG. 21 is an illustration depicting relationships between static E-Rand dynamic ETL models. One interesting question is whether it ispossible to eliminate the depicted human factor in the ETL designprocess. Or to put the question in another way, does the E-R modelcontain sufficient operational information so that a dynamic data flowmodel can be formed automatically without human intervention?

There are many benefits from automating the ETL design process using theE-R model. One such is the productivity of the ETL designer. The E-Rmodel can be more easily made correct than an ETL process. The E-R modelalso has a standard notational system understood by database engineers.But same cannot be said for any ETL tool. Most, if not all, requiresteep learning curves on the part of designers. Another benefit is thebetter adaptability to change. Without the “middleman,” when the E-Rmodel is finalized, so is the ETL process.

In various embodiments, techniques are disclosed to provide an automaticconversion from an E-R model to an ETL model. This is based on theobservation that when a database engineer reads an E-R diagram, a dataflow model is usually built in in his mind. Using this silent data flowmodel, the engineer can understand the E-R model and is able tocommunicate with others. The engineer even creates software based onthis model. This phenomenon is more apparent when the E-R model becomescomplex. Accordingly, the inventors recognize that there can be one ormore hidden data flow models in every E-R model. In one aspect, theequivalent data flow model is provided for the E-R model that has beenproven to be accurate in guiding the creation of an automatic conversionsystem.

FIG. 22 is an illustration providing a top-level design chart ofautomatic conversion system 2200 in one embodiment. FIG. 22 may merelybe illustrative of an embodiment or implementation of an inventiondisclosed herein should not limit the scope of any invention as recitedin the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art may recognize throughthis disclosure and the teachings presented herein other variations,modifications, and/or alternatives to those embodiments orimplementations illustrated in the figures.

As shown in FIG. 22, an E-R model is provided as input to automaticconversion system 2200 together with a set of “user directives.”Automatic conversion system 2200 then creates the equivalent data flowmodel for ETL purpose. As used herein, the “user directives” are a setof requirements that a user expects the calculation of the data flowmodel to take into consideration. For example, the user can ask for aspecific order on a series of binary relationships, ask for processing arelationship on a designated machine/location due to logical,performance, or security considerations, or the like.

The “equivalent data flow” model as used herein represents a semanticmodel for the E-R model. A semantic model is used to defineunambiguously what a logical model means. The semantic model can beexpressed in vastly different ways, such as natural language, settheoretic notations, algebraic equations, mathematical logic, oralgorithmic notations (generally known as operational semantic). Invarious embodiments, the semantic model for the E-R model is anoperational semantic model, referred to as a “CFO model.” In one aspect,defining meaning in operational semantic format provides a twofoldbenefit, the first being that the operational semantic model is alreadyin a step-by-step form consistent with the data flow model. Second, theoperational semantic model is easy for human to understand, comparedwith other formal semantic models; and it is more rigorous than naturallanguage explanations.

Binary relationships in an E-R model (or diagram) can be triviallymapped to joins in an ETL model. However, a multi-way relationship needssome work, because there is a common misconception around it. FIGS. 23Aand 23B illustrate three way relationships in two popular E-R notations.Referring to FIG. 23A, model 2310 is drawn or otherwise representedusing the standard E-R notation. In this example, model 2310 includesthree entities, PET, PET_TYPE, PET_OWNER are being related in athree-way relationship called “Pet-of-Type-and-Owner.” The intuitiveunderstanding of FIG. 23A is that the three entities can interactsimultaneously.

In practice, however, standard E-R notation is not used. Instead, it ismore common to see the so-called “Crow's Feet” notation. The differencebetween the two notational systems is only superficial. Referring toFIG. 23B, model 2320 is drawn or otherwise represented using Crow's Feetnotation. In this example, model 2320 again includes the three entities,PET, PET_TYPE, PET_OWNER being related in a three-way relationshipcalled “Pet-of-Type-and-Owner” illustrated as a box in the middle withcorner lines (also called an associative entity). The associative entityis created to tie the three other entities together simultaneously.

One common misconception is the mistake of equating a multi-wayrelationship to a series of binary relationships. FIGS. 24A and 24Billustrate an equivalent to the three way relationships in two popularE-R notations. Referring to FIG. 24A, model 2410 is drawn or otherwiserepresented as an equivalent to model 2310 of FIG. 23A with two binaryrelationships in standard E-R notation. Referring to FIG. 24B, model2420 is drawn or otherwise represented as an equivalent to model 2320with the equivalent model in the crow's feet notation.

Both of these models share the same problem in that they do not requirethat the two binary relationships must always hold at the same time. Forexample, an instance in PET, call it “Pet A” can relate to an instancein PET_TYPE, call it “PT A”, but it is not required that “Pet A” mustalso relate to an instance from PET_OWNER.

It is, however, possible to model the fact that a pet must participatein two binary relationships at the same time. FIG. 25 illustrates anequivalent to the three way relationship using a series of binaryrelationships. In this example, model 2500 represents the PET entitydifferently than FIG. 24B as an associative entity. Each instance in anassociative entity relates to all other connected entities withoutexception. FIG. 25 may appear like a series of binary relationships, butit is really the three-way relationship in FIG. 23B in disguise—the PETentity absorbs the associative entity shown in FIG. 23B.

In one aspect, there are two special cases where it is possible for thePET entity to absorb the associative entity. First, one possibility isthat each PET instance participates in no more than one relationshipinstance. Second, another possibility is if PET is a weak entity. (Theformal definition of a weak entity is an entity that does not have itsown primary key.) Suppose PET was a strong entity, its own primary keywould have to be used to only identify pets. It could not also be usedto identify the relationship instances. For example, if a pet instanceparticipated in more than one relationship instance, there would be aprimary key violation in the strong PET entity. On the other hand, ifPET is a weak entity, its partial key (not unique) can be combined withthe key (either partial or unique) of the ternary relationship. In thiscase, PET can absorb the ternary relationship.

Thus, without making additional assumptions, FIG. 23B cannot be morphedto resemble a series of binary relationships. Therefore, the focus turnsto the general ternary relationship depicted in FIG. 23B.

FIG. 26 illustrates a three way relationships using the standard E-Rnotation. The schema for the example includes the PET, PET_TYPE,PET_OWNER entities plus one or more ternary relationships on them. Someadditional information is also provided. In this example, model 2600represents PET as an optional participant of the ternary relationship,as indicated by the cardinality range 0 . . . m in the E-R diagram. Theother two entities are both full participants of the relationship.

Suppose p, t, o are instances of PET, PET_TYPE, and PET_OWNER,respectively. The following are possible instances in the“Pet-of-Type-and-Owner” relationship:

-   -   (p, t, o)    -   (<missing>, t, o)

Here <missing> represents the absence of value from an entity. Whetherthese candidate tuples are valid relationship instances is determined bya three-way join condition, defined as:

-   PET.type_id=PET_TYPE.id and PET.owner_id=PET_OWNER.id

Note: the value <missing> is able to match any other value. So in thisexample, the tuple (<missing>, t, o) is a valid instance of therelationship because the following condition evaluates to true.

-   <missing>=PET_TYPE.id and <missing>=PET_OWNER.id

The three example tables for the entities are created by the followingstatements.

create table PET (  id number,  name varchar2(30),  tid number,  oidnumber); create table PET_TYPE (  id number,  name varchar2(30)); createtable PET_OWNER (  id number,  name varchar2(30));

FIG. 27 depicts the rows in each table. As shown, each entity has onlyone instance. In one aspect, a user can input the three-way joincondition:

-   PET.type_id=PET_TYPE.id and PET.owner_id=PET_OWNER.id

The user can also mark entity PET as optional. This is equivalent tohaving input an E-R model shown in FIG. 26. One challenge is how togenerate a SQL statement to best capture the meaning of FIG. 26. Invarious embodiments, a determination is made as to the syntax that willprovide a good multi-way join implementation. In the following example,ANSI join syntax is used.

Since each ANSI join is pair-wise, to join three tables, two joins areneeded. Also, since PET is an optional entity, at least one of the twojoins must be an outer join. Furthermore, which two tables are joinedfirst is also a factor to consider. Putting all these considerationstogether, nine permutations are encountered, corresponding to ninepossible implementations for the multi-way join using ANSI syntax. Thesecases are drawn using data flow charts, and shown with their SQLstatements and results in Table 1 below.

Flow Chart SQL Result 1

select     from p.name “pet”, t.name “type”, o.name “owner” PET p joinPET_TYPE t pet ---------- type ----------- owner ----------- Jeff on(p.tid = t.id) (Comment: Type is nullified. right outer join PET_OWNER oThis is not a good result.) on (p.oid = o.id) 2

select     from p.name “pet”, t.name “type”, o.name “owner” PET p rightouter join PET_TYPE t no rows selected on (p.tid = t.id) join PET_OWNERo on (p.oid = o.id) 3

select     from p.name “pet”, t.name “type”, o.name “owner” PET p rightouter join PET_TYPE t pet ---------- type ----------- owner -----------Jeff on (p.tid = t.id) (Comment: Type is nullified. right outer joinPET_OWNER o This is not a good result.) on (p.oid = o.id) 4

select     from p.name “pet”, t.name “type”, o.name “owner” PET p joinPET_OWNER o pet ---------- type ----------- Cat owner ----------- on(p.oid = o.id) (Comment: Owner is nullified. right outer join PET_TYPE tThis is not a good result.) on (p.tid = t.id) 5

select     from p.name “pet”, t.name “type”, o.name “owner” PET p rightouter join PET_OWNER o no rows selected on (p.oid = o.id) join PET_TYPEt on (p.tid = t.id) 6

select     from p.name “pet”, t.name “type”, o.name “owner” PET p rightouter join PET_OWNER o pet ---------- type ----------- Cat owner----------- on (p.oid = o.id) (Comment: Owner is nullified. right outerjoin PET_TYPE t This is not a good result.) on (p.tid = t.id) 7

select     from p.name “pet”, t.name “type”, o.name “owner” PET_TYPE tjoin PET_OWNER o pet ---------- type ----------- Cat owner -----------Jeff on (1 = 1) (Comment: This is the result we expect. left outer joinPET p Note that there is no direct join on (p.tid = t.id and p.oid =o.id) condition between PET_TYPE and PET_OWNER. It defaults to true.) 8

select     from p.name “pet”, t.name “type”, o.name “owner” PET_TYPE tfull outer join PET_OWNER o no rows selected on (1 = 1) join PET p on(p.tid = t.id and p.oid = o.id) 9

select     from p.name “pet”, t.name “type”, o.name “owner” PET_TYPE tfull outer join PET_OWNER o pet ---------- type ----------- Cat owner----------- Jeff on (1 = 1) (Comment: The generated SQL is left outerjoin PET p equivalent to the one in implementation on (p.tid = t.id andp.oid = o.id) #7.)

From the examination of all the possible implementations, implementation#7 appears to match the expectation for the three-way relationship.Accordingly, in general, multi-way relationship is not equivalent to aseries of binary relationships. However, in various embodiments, amulti-way relationship may be implemented using binary joins. Therefore,one aspect, a model is created that is understandable for (casual) humanusers yet rigorous for use in generating correct data flowimplementations. As discussed above, the equivalent data flow model fitsin the category of “operational semantic models.” Operating semanticmodel to unambiguously describe the meaning/intention of a system havecreated before, however, one for equivalently representing the E-R modelprovides new opportunities as discussed herein.

FIGS. 28A and 28B illustrate a three way relationship in E-R notationand a data flow with data originating from the three entities in oneembodiment. Using the PET example of FIG. 28A, FIG. 28B describes a dataflow with data originating from the three entities. Each entity providesa set of tuples. Each tuple is composed of a list of columns/attributes.All the tuples go through three stages: connect, filter, and outputphases, defined below.

The Connect phase: Performs Cartesian product of all the input entities.If an entity is an optional entity (defined shortly), a special tuplewith all columns of value <missing> is first added as an extra member ofthe entity before the Cartesian product is carried out.

The Filter phase: In the filter phase, all the tuples coming out of theConnect phase are categorized into three groups:

-   -   Group F includes tuples that fail the relationship condition.    -   Group 51 includes tuples that satisfy the relationship        condition, e.g.,

-   PET.tid=PET_TYPE.id and PET.oid=PET_OWNER.id    without comparing any <missing> values.    -   Group S2 includes all other tuples that satisfy the relationship        condition, but the supplemental value <missing> is used in        comparison.

Intuitively, Group S1 includes rows that scored straight success. Andgroup S2 passed the join condition because of ignorable missing valuesfrom optional entity.

The Output phase: output final result, which is a set of tuples, usingthe following rule:

-   -   All tuples from Group F are discarded.    -   All tuples from Group S1 are included in final result set.    -   A tuple from Group S2 is included in the final result set only        if it has material contribution to the final result.

A tuple is considered having no material contribution to the finalresult if it matches one of the tuples in the result set. In checking iftwo tuples match, we assume <missing> value matches any other value. Forexample the following two tuples match.

-   (‘ABC’, 123) vs (<missing>, 123)

Intuitively, the final output phase performs deduplication on tuples inGroups S1 and S2.

Using the example data in FIG. 27, the result of the Connect phasecontains the following two tuples:

-   (pet_(—)100, pet_type_(—)1, pet_owner_(—)10)-   (<missing>, pet_type_(—)1, pet_owner_(—)10)

Here, we use pet_(—)100 to represent the row in PET table with id=100.Notice that the value <missing> is treated as a “valid” pet because PETis an optional entity.

In the second phase, the multi-way join condition

-   PET.tid=PET_TYPE.id and PET.oid=PET_OWNER.id    is evalidated. And only the tuple-   (<missing>, pet_type_(—)1, pet_owner_(—)10)    satisfies the condition.

The final phase is trivial for this example since there is no need to doany dedup.

The reason for the implementation #7 in Table 1 being able to return thecorrect result is it does Cartesian product of all tables beforestarting evaluating the join condition. It is the only implementationthat is consistent with the defined operational semantic model defined.By making sure Cartesian product operation is well completed before rowsare filtered in the data flow, the simultaneity property inherent inmulti-way relationship is protected against the potentially destructivebinary joins.

In some embodiments, users may be able to visually create models bydrawing lines between entities that indicate the need for the Connectphase operation. For example, suppose a user only drew a connectionbetween PET and PET_OWNER, but he entered a relationship condition asfollows:

-   PET.tid=PET_TYPE.id and PET.oid=PET_OWNER.id

Upon seeing the above 3-way relationship condition, a connection may beautomatically determined and created between PET and PET_TYPE. This isbecause the Connect phase operation requires the Cartesian product ofall entities involved. The join condition on this derived join is 1=1only for achieving Cartesian product.

Supposing also that the user drew an additional line, from PET_OWNER toPET_TYPE, forming a circle among the three entities. In one aspect, thenew line that created the circle can be ignored, since all the entitiesin the relationship have been sufficiently connected. To a human user,he may think a line means “a binary relationship,” but by stayingtruthful to the operational semantic model FIG. 28B all the time: a lineonly means to connect entities together using Cartesian product.

After the entities are connected, the diagram can then be transformedinto a tree of binary joins where the join node for PET and PET_TYPEcarries the 1=1 condition. And the multi-way join condition is delayedto the last join node. In the whole process, the join condition is notdissembled, but rather, it is maximally delayed to ensure all the rowsfrom all tables have opportunities to interact.

In contrast, if the join condition is split into two parts (which issyntactically permitted), and assigned the two subconditions to two joinnodes, the operational semantic model would be violated because theFilter phase would be started before the Connect phase has completed.

Accordingly, since the operational semantic model is specified in adetailed, step-by-step manner, it can be easily transformed into aprogrammatic implementation using any existing programming languages.There is no need to only use SQL to implement it.

FIG. 29 depicts a diagram that lays out relationships among variousdatabase modeling methods and their semantic contents. In this example,the E-R model still needs help from semantic models. The CFO model isone such semantic model for eliminating ambiguities in E-R, particularlyfor multi-way relationships. As shown in FIG. 29, Object Oriented modelscan be used for the same purpose. Many patents exist for correctlyconverting E-R to OO models. But the OO model lacks the capability ofintegrating with data flow models. A data flow model explicitly spellsout step-by-step operations of the data from source to target. An OOmodel is still too descriptive for that purpose. The CFO model is likean automaton, it is inherently suitable for integrating with data flowmodels.

CONCLUSION

FIG. 30 is a simplified block diagram of computer system 3000 that maybe used to practice embodiments of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 30, computer system 3000 includes processor 3010 that communicateswith a number of peripheral devices via bus subsystem 3020. Theseperipheral devices may include storage subsystem 3030, comprising memorysubsystem 3040 and file storage subsystem 3050, input devices 3060,output devices 3070, and network interface subsystem 3080.

Bus subsystem 3020 provides a mechanism for letting the variouscomponents and subsystems of computer system 3000 communicate with eachother as intended. Although bus subsystem 3020 is shown schematically asa single bus, alternative embodiments of the bus subsystem may utilizemultiple busses.

Storage subsystem 3030 may be configured to store the basic programmingand data constructs that provide the functionality of the presentinvention. Software (code modules or instructions) that provides thefunctionality of the present invention may be stored in storagesubsystem 3030. These software modules or instructions may be executedby processor(s) 3010. Storage subsystem 3030 may also provide arepository for storing data used in accordance with the presentinvention. Storage subsystem 3030 may comprise memory subsystem 3040 andfile/disk storage subsystem 3050.

Memory subsystem 3040 may include a number of memories including a mainrandom access memory (RAM) 3042 for storage of instructions and dataduring program execution and a read only memory (ROM) 3044 in whichfixed instructions are stored. File storage subsystem 3050 providespersistent (non-volatile) storage for program and data files, and mayinclude a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive along with associatedremovable media, a Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) drive, a DVD,an optical drive, removable media cartridges, and other like storagemedia.

Input devices 3060 may include a keyboard, pointing devices such as amouse, trackball, touchpad, or graphics tablet, a scanner, a barcodescanner, a touchscreen incorporated into the display, audio inputdevices such as voice recognition systems, microphones, and other typesof input devices. In general, use of the term “input device” is intendedto include all possible types of devices and mechanisms for inputtinginformation to computer system 3000.

Output devices 3070 may include a display subsystem, a printer, a faxmachine, or non-visual displays such as audio output devices, etc. Thedisplay subsystem may be a cathode ray tube (CRT), a flat-panel devicesuch as a liquid crystal display (LCD), or a projection device. Ingeneral, use of the term “output device” is intended to include allpossible types of devices and mechanisms for outputting information fromcomputer system 3000.

Network interface subsystem 3080 provides an interface to other computersystems, devices, and networks, such as communications network 3090.Network interface subsystem 3080 serves as an interface for receivingdata from and transmitting data to other systems from computer system3000. Some examples of communications network 3090 are private networks,public networks, leased lines, the Internet, Ethernet networks, tokenring networks, fiber optic networks, and the like.

Computer system 3000 can be of various types including a personalcomputer, a portable computer, a workstation, a network computer, amainframe, a kiosk, or any other data processing system. Due to theever-changing nature of computers and networks, the description ofcomputer system 3000 depicted in FIG. 30 is intended only as a specificexample for purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiment of thecomputer system. Many other configurations having more or fewercomponents than the system depicted in FIG. 30 are possible.

Although specific embodiments of the invention have been described,various modifications, alterations, alternative constructions, andequivalents are also encompassed within the scope of the invention. Thedescribed invention is not restricted to operation within certainspecific data processing environments, but is free to operate within aplurality of data processing environments. Additionally, although thepresent invention has been described using a particular series oftransactions and steps, it should be apparent to those skilled in theart that the scope of the present invention is not limited to thedescribed series of transactions and steps.

Further, while the present invention has been described using aparticular combination of hardware and software, it should be recognizedthat other combinations of hardware and software are also within thescope of the present invention. The present invention may be implementedonly in hardware, or only in software, or using combinations thereof.

The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in anillustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, beevident that additions, subtractions, deletions, and other modificationsand changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broaderspirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.

Various embodiments of any of one or more inventions whose teachings maybe presented within this disclosure can be implemented in the form oflogic in software, firmware, hardware, or a combination thereof. Thelogic may be stored in or on a machine-accessible memory, amachine-readable article, a tangible computer-readable medium, acomputer-readable storage medium, or other computer/machine-readablemedia as a set of instructions adapted to direct a central processingunit (CPU or processor) of a logic machine to perform a set of stepsthat may be disclosed in various embodiments of an invention presentedwithin this disclosure. The logic may form part of a software program orcomputer program product as code modules become operational with aprocessor of a computer system or an information-processing device whenexecuted to perform a method or process in various embodiments of aninvention presented within this disclosure. Based on this disclosure andthe teachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in the artwill appreciate other ways, variations, modifications, alternatives,and/or methods for implementing in software, firmware, hardware, orcombinations thereof any of the disclosed operations or functionalitiesof various embodiments of one or more of the presented inventions.

The disclosed examples, implementations, and various embodiments of anyone of those inventions whose teachings may be presented within thisdisclosure are merely illustrative to convey with reasonable clarity tothose skilled in the art the teachings of this disclosure. As theseimplementations and embodiments may be described with reference toexemplary illustrations or specific figures, various modifications oradaptations of the methods and/or specific structures described canbecome apparent to those skilled in the art. All such modifications,adaptations, or variations that rely upon this disclosure and theseteachings found herein, and through which the teachings have advancedthe art, are to be considered within the scope of the one or moreinventions whose teachings may be presented within this disclosure.Hence, the present descriptions and drawings should not be considered ina limiting sense, as it is understood that an invention presented withina disclosure is in no way limited to those embodiments specificallyillustrated.

Accordingly, the above description and any accompanying drawings,illustrations, and figures are intended to be illustrative but notrestrictive. The scope of any invention presented within this disclosureshould, therefore, be determined not with simple reference to the abovedescription and those embodiments shown in the figures, but insteadshould be determined with reference to the pending claims along withtheir full scope or equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method facilitating generation of a datamapping, the method comprising: receiving, at the one or more computersystems, information specifying a set of entity relationships as acomponent of the logical design; determining, with one or moreprocessors associated with the one or more computer systems, anequivalent data flow model based on the set of entity relationships; andgenerating, with the one or more processors associated with the one ormore computer systems, information indicative of the equivalent dataflow model in the logical flow design.
 2. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising deriving one or more attributes of a dataset representing theset of entity relationships based on information declaring relationshipsbetween attributes of data sources.
 3. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising receiving information specifying one or more components ofthe logical design that includes information indicative of an operationthat changes shape of the information flowing through the logicaldesign.
 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising receivinginformation specifying one or more components of the logical design thatincludes information indicative of an operation that controls the flowof information flowing through the logical design but does not changeshape of the information flowing through the logical design.
 5. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising receiving information specifyingone or more components of the logical design that includes informationindicative of a target component having one or more attributes of datato be stored in a target datastore.
 6. The method of claim 1 whereingenerating the information indicative of the equivalent data flow modelin the logical flow design comprises exporting a list of attributes to adownstream component.
 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising:receiving, at the one or more computer systems, a change in the logicaldesign through the introduction of one or more relationships; anddetermining, with the one or more processors associated with the one ormore computer systems, an updated equivalent data flow model.
 8. Anon-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable codefor facilitating generation of a data mapping, the non-transitorycomputer-readable medium comprising: code for receiving informationspecifying a set of entity relationships as a component of the logicaldesign; code for determining an equivalent data flow model based on theset of entity relationships; and code for generating informationindicative of the equivalent data flow model in the logical flow design.9. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8 furthercomprising code for deriving one or more attributes of a datasetrepresenting the set of entity relationships based on informationdeclaring relationships between attributes of data sources.
 10. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8 further comprisingcode for receiving information specifying one or more components of thelogical design that includes information indicative of an operation thatchanges shape of the information flowing through the logical design. 11.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8 furthercomprising code for receiving information specifying one or morecomponents of the logical design that includes information indicative ofan operation that controls the flow of information flowing through thelogical design but does not change shape of the information flowingthrough the logical design.
 12. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 8 further comprising code for receiving informationspecifying one or more components of the logical design that includesinformation indicative of a target component having one or moreattributes of data to be stored in a target datastore.
 13. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8 wherein the code forgenerating the information indicative of the equivalent data flow modelin the logical flow design comprises code for exporting a list ofattributes to a downstream component.
 14. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 8 further comprising: code forreceiving a change in the logical design through the introduction of oneor more relationships; and code for determining an updated equivalentdata flow model.
 15. A system facilitating generation of a data mapping,the system comprising: a processor; and a memory storing instructionswhich when executed by the processor configure the processor to: receiveinformation specifying a set of entity relationships as a component ofthe logical design; determine an equivalent data flow model based on theset of entity relationships; and generate information indicative of theequivalent data flow model in the logical flow design.
 16. The system ofclaim 15 wherein the processor is further configured to derive one ormore attributes of a dataset representing the set of entityrelationships based on information declaring relationships betweenattributes of data sources.
 17. The system of claim 15 wherein theprocessor is further configured to receive information specifying one ormore components of the logical design that includes informationindicative of an operation that changes shape of the information flowingthrough the logical design.
 18. The system of claim 15 wherein theprocessor is further configured to receive information specifying one ormore components of the logical design that includes informationindicative of an operation that controls the flow of information flowingthrough the logical design but does not change shape of the informationflowing through the logical design.
 19. The system of claim 15 whereinthe processor is further configured to receive information specifyingone or more components of the logical design that includes informationindicative of a target component having one or more attributes of datato be stored in a target datastore.
 20. The system of claim 15 whereinto generate the information indicative of the equivalent data flow modelin the logical flow design the processor is configured to export a listof attributes to a downstream component.
 21. The system of claim 15wherein the processor is further configured to: receive a change in thelogical design through the introduction of one or more relationships;and determine an updated equivalent data flow model.